The Importance Of Determining A Plant Location

The Importance Of Determining A Plant LocationThe location of a plant or quick-wittedness is the geographical positioning of an operation sexual relation to the input resources and other operations or customers with which it interacts. Andrew Greasly (2003) identified trio main reasons why a location decision is required. The first reason is that a juvenile company has been created and read amply a facility to manufacture intersection points or deliver a redevelopment to its customers. The second reason is that on that point is a decision to move an existing business due to a human activity of factors such as the need for larger knack forth or to be closer to a extra customer base. The third reason is relocate into new premises in order to expand operations.Decisions with regards to where an administration can locate its plant or facility are not interpreted ofttimes, however they still tend to be very grave for the firms profit skill and long-term survival. An organ isation which chooses an inappropriate location for its premises could suffer from a number of factors, and would find it difficult and expensive to relocate. Location decisions tend to be taken more often for service operations than manufacturing facilities. Facilities for service cerebrate businesses are usually smaller in size, less costly, and are fixed in a location that is convenient and easily accessible to customers (Russell and Taylor, 2003). When deciding where to locate a manufacturing facility different reasons apply, such as the cost of constructing a plant or factory. Although the most imporant factor for a service related business is access to customers, a stigmatise of different criteria are important for a manufacturing facility (Russell and Taylor, 2003). These include the nature of the labor force, proximity to suppliers and other markets, dispersion and transportation be, the availability of energy and its cost, community infrastructure, government regualtio ns and taxes, amongst others (Russell and Taylor, 2003).Location StrategyThe facilities location problem is star of major importance in all types of business. It is important to notice the different problems that may arise whilst trying to choose a suit fit location. Normally, the decision on siting proceeds in two stages in the first, the world considerable area is chosen and indeed a detailed survey of that area is carried out to find suitable sites where the plant or facility could be located (Muhlemann, Oakland and Lockyer, 1992). However, the final decision as to where to locate a facility is made by taking into consideration more detailed requirements. The fol let looseing are a number of factors which might influence the choice of location (Muhlemann, Oakland and Lockyer, 1992).Proximity to market organisations may wish to locate their facility close to their market, to be able to depress transportation costs, and most importantly, to be able to provide their customers wi th a better service. If the plant or facility is located close to the customer, the organisation would be in a better position to provide just-in-time obstetrical delivery, to serve to fluctuations in demand and to react to field or service problems. approachability of labour and skills a number of geographical areas have traditional skills but it is very difficult for an organisation to find a location which has the appropriate skilled and unskilled labour, both quickly available and in the desired quantities. Even so, new skills can be tought, surgical procedurees simplified and key personnel moved from one area to another.Availability of amenities organisations would prefer to locate their facilities in a location which provides good external amenities such as housing, shops, community run and communication systems.Availability of inputs a location which is near main suppliers lead help to reduce cost and allow staff to correspond suppliers easily to discuss fictitious c haracter, technical or delivery problems, amongst others. It is to a fault important that certain supplies which are expensive or difficult to procure by transport should be readily available in the locality.Availability of services there are six main services which need to be considered whilst a location is being chosen namely gas and electricity, water, drainage, governing of waste and communications. An assessment essential be made of the requirements for these, and a location which provides most or all of these services will be more pleasing than another which does not.Room for expansion organisations should leave room for expansion deep down the chosen location unless long term forecast convey very accurately that the plant will never have to be altered or expanded. This is often not the case and gum olibanum adequate room for expansion should be allowed. recourse requirements certain performance and manufacturing units may present potential hazards to the surrounding nei ghbourhood. For example certain plants such as nuclear power stations and chemical factories should be located in remote areas.Site cost the cost of the site is a very important factor, however it is needed to prevent present(prenominal) benefit from jeopardising the long-term plans of an organisation.Political, cultural and economic situation it is as well as important to consider the political situation of potential locations. Even if other considerations demand a particular(a) site, knowledge of the political, cultural and economic difficulties can assist in taking a number of decisions.Special grants, regional taxes and import/export barriers it is often advantegous for an organisation to build its plant or facility in a location where the government and local authorities often offer special grants, low-interest loans, low rental or taxes and other grants.Location Selection TechniquesThe location selection process involves the identification of a suitable region/country, th e indentification of an appropriate area within that region and finally comparing and selecting a site from that area which is suitable for an organisation. The following are a number of analytical techniques from the several that have been create to assist firms when choosing a location.Weighted ScoreThe weithed scoring technique tries to take a range of considerations into account, including cost (Greasly, 2006). This technique, which is also referred to as factor rating, consists of determining a list of factors that are relevant to the location decision. Each factor is then given a weighting that conveys its importance compared with the other factors. Each location is then scored on severally factor and this score is multiplied by the factor value. The alternative with the highest score is then chosen (Greasly, 2006).Locational Break-Even AnalysisThis technique makes intent of cost- intensiveness synopsis to make an economic comparison of location alternatives. An organisati on would have to identify the fixed and variable costs and graphing them for to each one location, thus determining which one provides the last-place cost. Locational break-even analysis may be carried out mathematically or graphically. The procedure for graphical cost-volume analysis is as follows (Falzon, 2009)Determine the fixed and variable costs for each location.Plot the nub cost (i.e. the fixed + the variable) lines for the location alternatives on the graph.Choose the location with the lowest total cost line at the expected toil volume level.2.1.2 Plant LayoutAccording to Andrew Greasly (2007), the layout of a plant or facility is c at oncerned with the physical placement of resources such as equipment and storage facilities, which should be designed to facilitate the efficient flow of customers or frameworks through the manufacturing or service system. He also noted that the layout design is very important and should be taken very seriously as it can have a significant impact on the cost and efficiency of an operation and can involve unanimous investment in time and money. The decisions taken with regards to the facility layout will have a direct influence on how efficiently workers will be able to carry out their jobs, how much and how fast goods can be produced, how difficult it is to automate a system, and how the system in place would be able to respond to any changes with regards to product or service design, product mix, or demand volume (Russell and Taylor, 2003).In many operations the installation of a new layout, or redesign of an existing layout, can be difficult to change once they are implemented due to the significant investment required on items such as equipment. Therefore, it is imperative to make sure that the insurance decisions relating to the organisation, method and work flow are made before the facilities are laid out quite a than trying to fit these three into the layout. This is an important area of production and operati ons management since it is dealing with the capital equipment of the organisation which, in general, is difficult to relocate once it has been put into position.Muhlemann, Oakland and Lockyer (1992) explained that the plant layout process is rather complex, which cannot be set down with any finality, and one in which experience plays a great part. The author also explained that it is impossible for an organisation to design the perfect layout, however he discussed a number of criteria which should be followed to design a good layout, namely the following utmost FlexibilityA good layout should be designed in such a port that modifications could rapidly take place to meet changing circumstances, and thus should be devised with the possible future needs of the operation in mind.Maximum Co-ordinationThe layout should be designed in such a way that entry into, and disposal from, any department or functional area should be carried out in the most convenient way to the issuing and reciev ing departments.Maximum physical exercise of volumeThe facility should be considered as cubic devices and maximum use is to be made of the volume available. This principle is useful in stores, where goods can be stored at considerable heights without causing any inconvenience.Maximum visibilityThe authors further insists that all the workers and satisfyings should be readily observable at all times and that there should be no hidden places into which goods or information might involve misplaced and forgotten. plaques should be careful when they make use of partitioning or test as these may portray undesirable segregation which reduces the effective use of floor space.Maximum accessibilityThe machinery, equipment and other installations should not in any way obstruct the servicing and maintenance points, which should be readily accessible at all times. Obstructing certain service points such as electricity and water mains could block up the production process in place.Minimum distance and Material handling each movements taking place within the plant should be both prerequisite and direct. Handling work does add the cost but does not increase the value, thus any unecessary movement should be avoided and if present, eliminated. It is best not to handle the material and information, however if this is necessary it should be reduced to a minimum by making use of appropriate devices.Inherent SafetyAll processes which might take a crap a danger to either the staff or customers should not be accessible to the unauthorised. Fire exists should be clearly marked with uninhibited access and pathways should be clearly defined and uncluttered.Unidirectional FlowAll materials which are being use in the production process should always flow in one direction, starting from the storage, passing through all processes and facilities, and finally resulting in the finished product which is later dispatched for storage or sold direct to the customer.Management Coordinatio n care and communication should be assisted by the location of staff and communication equipment in place within the chosen layout.2.2 Quality ManagementThere is a widespread acceptance that organisations view attribute as an important strategic core competence and a vital competitive weapon which should be used to gain a competitive advantage at the expense of rivals. Several organisations have been able to reep a number of benefits, such as substanstial cost nest egg and higher revenues, after implementing a quality improvement process into their operations. Subsequently, this led them to invest substantial amounts of money yearly on implementing and sustaining quality programmes and intiatives.The American interior(a) Standards Institution (ANSI) and the American Society for Quality Control (ASQC) define quality as the totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bears on its ability to satisfy given needs. Similarily, Feigenbaum (2005), who is an Amer ican quality control expert, has defined quality as the total composite product and service characteristics of marketing, engineering, manufacture, and maintenance through which the product and service in use will meet the expectation by the customer. Put precisely, this refers to an organisations ability to manufacture a product or deliver a service which satisfy the customers requirements and needs, and which conform to specifications.Muhlemann, Oakland and Lockyer, authors of Production and Operations Management (1992), noted that organisations mustiness be dedicated to the continous improvement of quality and must implement arrogant control systems that are designed to prevent the production or delivery of products or services which do not conform to requirements. To facilitate this process, organisations should first set up a quality policy statement which describes their general quality orientation and which is used to assist as a framework for action. Once set up, top mana gement would be required toensure that is it understood at all levels of the organisationidentify the needs of the organisations customersevaluate the organisations ability to meet these needsmake sure that all the materials and services supplied fit the required standards of efficiency and performancecontinously train the workforce for quality improvementassess and monitor the quality management systems in place.2.2.1 Quality Control and Assurance in the Conversion ProcessRay Wild (2002) has noted that the capability of the conversion process directly influences the degree to which the product or service conforms to the given specification. If the conversion process is capable of producing products or services at the specified level, then the products or services are provided at the desired quality level. Once the specification of the output is known and an appropriate process is available, management must ensure that the output will conform to the specification. In order to achiev e this objective Ray Wild (2002) has defined three different stages which are outlined in figure 2.1 each discussed below.Figure 2. The stages, processes and procedures of quality control and assuranceEssentials of Operations Management by Ray Wild (2002)Control of InputsBefore accepting any items as inputs, organisations must make sure that they conform to the required specifications and standards. Normally, before items are supplied to an organisation, they are subjected to some form of quality control by the supplier. The organisation might also ask its suppliers for information about the quality of the items whilst they are being prepared, ask for a copy of the final critical review documentation, or ask a third party such as an insurance company to make sure that all the items supplied conform to the required quality standards.Even so, organisations still find the need to inspect the items supplied once they are recieved and before they are inserted into the conversion process . This inspection can be carried out by either inspecting every item recieved from suppliers, or by making use of the acceptance sampling procedure, which consists of taking a random sample from a larger batch or lot of material to be inspected. Organisations might also make use of the vendor rating procedure whereby suppliers are rated by taking into account a number of quality related factors such as the percentage of acceptable items recieved in the past, the quality of the packaging, and the price.Control of ProcessAll manufacturing organisations must make sure that appropriate inspection is carried out during operations to ensure that defective items do not proceed to the next operations, and also to predict when the process is most likely to produce imperfect items so that preventive adjustments could be adopted (Ray Wild 2002). The quality control of the production process is facilitated by making use of control charts, which convey whether the process looks as though it is acting as it should, or alternatively if it is going out of control. sensation of the benefits of this procedure is that it helps management to take action before problems very take place. Ray Wild (2002) also notes that organisations should establish procedures for the selection and inspection of items which are used in the conversion process, for the recording and analysis of data, scrapping of defectives, and for feedback of information.Control of OutputsOrganisations must ensure that the qulity inspection of output items is carried out effectively since any undetected defective items would be passed on to the customer. The inspection of output items is normally carried out by making use of a sampling procedure, such as acceptance sampling, or by carrying out exhaustive checks. Ray Wild (2002) notes that it is vital for an organisation to have in place suitable procedures designed for the collection and retention of inspection data, for the correction, replacement or further e xamination of defective items, and for the adjustment or modification of either previous inspection or processing operations in order to eliminate the production of defective items.2.2.2 HACCPNowadays, the intellectual nourishment industry is am modify of producing safe products and also for conveying in a transparent manner how the caoutchouc of diet is being planned, controlled and assured. In order to do so, organisations in the food industry need a system which will ensure that food operations are designed to be safe and that potential hazards are taken into account (Mitchell, 1992). One such system is the Hazard Analysis of Critical Control Points which is a scientific and systematic method used to assure food safeguard, and a tool for the development, implementation and management of effective safety assurance procedures (Ropkins and Beck, 2000). The HACCP is known to be one of the best methods used for assuring product safety and is considered as a prerequisite for food manufacturing companies who wish to export their products into international markets.The objective of the HACCP system is to guarantee that the safe production of food by implementing a quality system which covers the complete food production chain, from the promary sector up to the final consuming of the product (Fai Pun and Bhairo-Beekhoo, 2007). It is capable of analysing the potential hazards in a food operation, identifying the points in the operation where the hazards may take place, and deciding which of these may be harmful to consumers (Mitchell, 2002). These points, which are referred to as the critical control points, are continously monitored and alterative action is effected if any of these points are not within safe limits. The HACCP is the system of choice in the management of food safety one which is highly promoted by the food safety authorities in the United States, Canada and European Union.2.3 Just-In-Time Scheduling2.3.1 Scheduling in ManufacturingDecision maki ng with regards to computer programming has become a very important factor in manufacturing as well as in service industries. Scheduling is a decision making process whereby throttle resources are allocated to specific tasks over time in order to produce the desired outputs at the desired time (Psarras and Ergazakis, 2003). This process helps organisations to allocate their resources properly, which would further enable them to optimise their objectives and achieve their goals. A number of functions, conveyed in figure 2.2, must be performed whilst scheduling and controlling a production operation.Figure 2. Functions performed in scheduling and controlling a production operationAdopted from the journal,Production scheduling in ERP systems, by Psarras Ergazakis (2003)In manufacturing systems, scheduling is highly dependent on the volume and miscellany mix of the manufacturing system itself. Mass process-type systems, which normally make use of a flow (product) layout where a stan dard item is produced in high volumes, make use of specialised equipment dedicated to achieve an optimal flow of work throughout the system (Greasly, 2006). Greasly notes that this is very important since all items follow the same sequence of operations. One of the most important objectives of a flow system is to make sure that production is kept at an equal rate in each production that takes place. This could be ensured by making use of the line balancing technique, which makes sure that the output of each production stage is equal and that all resources all fully utilised (Greasly, 2006).2.3.2 Just-In-TimeThe Just-In-Time PhilosophyThe just-in-time philosophy originated from the Japanese auto maker Toyota after Taiichi Ohno came up with the Toyota Production System whose aim was to interface manufacturing more closely with the companys customers and suppliers. This particular philosophy is an approach to manufacturing which seeks to provide the right amount of material when it is required, which in turn leads to the reduction of work-in-progress inventories and aims to maximise productivity within the production process (Singh and Brar, 1991). The authors, Slack, house and Johnston, of Operations Management (2001) defined the JIT philosophy as a disciplined approach to improving overall productivity and elimination of waste. They also state that it provides for the necessary quantity of parts at the right quality, at the right time and place, while using a minimum amount of facilities, equipment, materials and human resources. Thus, put simply the JIT system of production is one based on the philosophy of total elimination of waste, which seeks the utmost rationality in the way production is carried out.Bicheno (1991) further states that JIT aims to meet demand instantaneously, with perfect quality and no waste. In order to achieve this, an organisation requires a whole new approach in how it operates. Harrison (1992) identified three important issues as th e core of JIT philosophy, namely the elimination of waste, the involvement of everyone and continous improvement. The following is a brief description of these three key issues (adapted from Operations Management by Andrew Greasly, 2006).Eliminate WasteWaste may be defined as any activity which does not add value to the operation. Ohno (1995) and Toyota have identified sevensome types of waste, which apply in many different types of operations, in both manufacturing and service industries. All of these types of wastes are displayed in figure 2.3 below.The involvement of everyoneOrganisations that implement a JIT system are able to create a new culture where all employees are encouraged to continously improve by coming up with ideas for improvements and by performing a range of functions. In order to involve employees as much as possible, organisations would have to provide training to staff in a wide range of areas and techniques, such as Statistical Process Control and more genera l problem solving techniques (Andrew Greasley 2002).Figure 2. Types of wastes present in different types of operationsOperations Management by Andrew Greasly (2002)Continuous ImprovementSlack and Johnston (2001) note that JIT objectives are often expressed as ideals. Futhermore, Greasly (2002) states that through this philosophy, organisations would be able to get to these ideals of JIT by a continuous stream of improvements over time.The Benefits of Just-In-TimeAccording to Russell and Taylor (2003), after fives years from implementing JIT a number of U.S. manufacturers were able to benefit from 90 percent reductions in manufacturing cycle time, 70 percent reductions in inventory, 50 percent reductions in labour costs, and 80 percent reductions in space requirements. These results are not achieved by each and every organisation that implements a JIT system, however JIT does provide a wide range of benefits, includingReduced inventoryImproved qualityLower costsReduced space requirem entsShorter lead timeIncreased productivityGreater flexibilityBetter relations with suppliersSimplified scheduling and control activitiesBetter use of human resourcesIncreased capacityMore product variety2.4 Health and Safety ManagementThe International Labour Organisation (ILO) and the World Health Organisation (WHO) define occupational health as the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations the prevention amongst workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health and the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological capabilities. more countries have introduced legislation which requires employers to manage the health and safety of their employees, and others who might be affected (Waring, 1996). To honour health and safet y legislation, organisations have found it necessary to introduce active programmes of accident prevention. The preparation of a properly though-out health and safety policy, which is continously monitored, could dramatically reduce or eliminate injuries and damage to health (Muhlemann, Oakland and Lockyer, 1992).2.4.1 Responsibilities for SafetyAll employees in an organisation should be active in creating and maintaining healthy and safe working conditions which are aimed to avoid accidents. Once a health and safety policy is established in an organisation, roles and responsibilities should be allocated within the management structure (Muhlemann, Oakland and Lockyer, 1992). As with other areas such as quality and production within an organisation, health and safety would only be able to progress successfully if all employees are fully co-operative and committed in doing so. A number of organisations have encouraged this total involvement by creating safety representitives, committe es, and group discussions whereby all employees in a particular unit meet periodically for discussions about safety (Muhlemann, Oakland and Lockyer, 1992).2.4.2 Planning for SafetySystematic planning is required to ensure effective planning for health and safety in all workplaces. A health and safety policy should be part of a continous review process which has no tolerance for accidents. This could only take place if the organisation in question adopts a strategy of fadeless improvement (Muhlemann, Oakland and Lockyer, 1992). It should set the scene from the top with regards to top management beliefs, intentions, priorities and requirement from managers and workforce (Waring, 1996). The overall plan should be made up of the basic elements conveyed in figure 2.4 below.